Lowered expression of DNA repair service genes disrupts DNA maintenance. That is demonstrated within the determine in the 4th amount through the top. (From the figure, pink wording suggests the central function of DNA damage and defects in DNA repair service inside the development to most cancers.) When DNA restore is deficient DNA hurt continues to be in cells at a better than usual degree (5th stage) and results in improved frequencies of mutation and/or epimutation (6th stage).
癌症扩散。随着癌症进展，它可能扩散（转移）到身体其他部位。癌症扩散到哪里取决于所患癌症的类型。
Metastasis is prevalent inside the late phases of most cancers and it may possibly take place by using the blood or the lymphatic method or the two. The everyday techniques in metastasis are community invasion, intravasation in the blood or lymph, circulation throughout the entire body, extravasation into the new tissue, proliferation and angiogenesis.
肿块：常为位置表浅肿瘤的首发症状，位置较深者不易发现，生长快，易转移，可在短时间内出现一处或多处较大肿块。
Individuals that report a higher Standard of living are inclined to survive for a longer period.[209] Individuals with reduced Standard of living can be impacted by despair together with other issues and/or illness development that both equally impairs excellent and quantity of lifetime. 癌症 Also, individuals with even worse prognoses might be depressed or report poorer Standard of living since they perceive that their ailment is likely for being deadly.[citation needed]
This relies on the blamers' perception that the globe is basically just and so any harmful health issues, like cancer, need to be a kind of punishment for terrible options, mainly because inside a just entire world, lousy issues would not come about to superior individuals.[246]
不存在生物抵抗性；无潜在致癌可能；不受肿瘤差异性影响；能提供准确的病理分期及组织学类型；适用于大部分未扩散的肿瘤。
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选择某些生活方式会增加患癌风险。抽烟、女性每天饮酒超过一杯、男性每天饮酒两杯以上、过度暴露在阳光下或经常晒伤起疱、肥胖和不安全的性行为都可能导致癌症。
包括新辅助化疗、围手术期化疗、辅助化疗、根治性化疗、诱导化疗、巩固性化疗、姑息性化疗、维持化疗、转化性化疗、低剂量节律化疗等。
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免疫細胞療法是最近這幾年開發的最新技術，原理是直接將大量未分化的樹狀細胞投入腫瘤中或腫瘤周邊的血管中，能迅速且大量的強化樹狀細胞辨識特定癌細胞的能力，使樹狀細胞可在短時間內幫助輔助型T細胞（helper T cell）快速誘導出大量細胞毒殺性T淋巴球（CTL），以攻擊特定癌細胞。目前此項研究已在日本進入臨床試驗階段。
烟草使用、酒精消费、不健康饮食、缺乏身体活动和空气污染是癌症（以及其他非传染性疾病）的危险因素。
主要原理是使用高專一性的單株抗體直接結合到腫瘤細胞特有的蛋白質或是細胞激素，影響腫瘤細胞的生長、引起免疫系統反應或是其他功能。已經發展的藥物有針對乳癌的曲妥珠单抗和針對白血病的吉妥单抗在臨床使用。